That propaganda has a irrational character is a still well established and well recognized truth. The distinction between propaganda and information is often made: information is addressed to reason and experience - it furnishes facts; propaganda is addressed to feeling and passion - it is irrational. There is, of course, some truth in this, but the reality is not so simple. For there is such a thing as rational propaganda, just as there is rational advertising. Advertisements for automobiles or electrical appliances are generally based on technical descriptions or proved performance - rational elements used for advertising purposes. Similarly, there is a propaganda based exclusively on facts, statistics, economic ideas. Soviet propaganda, especially since 1950, has been based on the undeniable scientific progress and economic development of the Soviet Union; but it is still propaganda, for it uses these facts to demonstrate, rationally, the superiority of its system and to demand everybody's support.
It has often been noted that in wartime the successful propaganda is that based directly on obvious facts: when an enemy army has just suffered defeat, an appeal to enemy soldiers to surrender will seem rational. When the superiority of one of the combatants becomes apparent, his appeal for surrender is an appeal to reason.
Similarly, the propaganda of French grandeur since 1958 is a rational and factual propaganda; French films in particular are almost all centered around French technological successes. The film Algerie francaise is an economic film, overloaded with economic geography and statistics. But it is still propaganda. Such rational propaganda is practiced by various regimes. The education provided by Mao in China is based on pseudo rational proofs, but they are effective for those who pay attention to them and accept them. American propaganda, out of concern for honesty and democratic conviction, also attempts to be rational and factual. The news bulletins of the American services are a typical example of rational propaganda based on "knowledge" and information. And nothing resembles these American publications more than the Review of the German Democratic Republic, which has taken over exactly the same propaganda style. We can say that the more progress we make, the more propaganda becomes rational and the more it is based on serious arguments, on dissemination of knowledge, on factual information, figures, and statistics.
Purely impassioned and emotional propaganda is disappearing. Even such propaganda contained elements of fact: Hitler's most inflammatory speeches always contained some facts which served as base or pretext. It is unusual nowadays to find a frenzied propaganda composed solely of claims without relation to reality. It is still found in Egyptian propaganda, and it appeared in July 1960 in Lumumba's propaganda in the Belgian Congo. Such propaganda is now discredited, but it still convinces and always excites.
Modern man needs a relation to facts, a self justification to convince himself that by acting in a certain way he is obeying reason and proved existence. We must therefore study the close relationship between information and propaganda. Propaganda's content increasingly resembles information. It has even been clearly been proved that a violent, excessive, shock provoking, propaganda text leads ultimately to less conviction and participation than does a more "informative" and reasonable text on the same subject. A large dose of fear precipitates immediate action; critical powers decrease if the propaganda message is more rational and less violent.
Propaganda's content therefore tends to be rational and factual. But is it enough to show that propaganda is rational? Besides content, there is a receiver of the content, the individual who undergoes the barrage of propaganda or information. When an individual has read a technical and factual advertisement of a television set or a new automobile engine, and if he is not an electrician or a mechanic, what does he remember? Can he describe a transistor or a new type of wheel suspension? Of course not. All those technical descriptions and exact details will form a general picture in his head, rather vague but highly colored - and when he speaks of the engine, he will say: "It's terrific!"
It is exactly the same with all rational, logical, factual propaganda. After having read an article on wheat in the United States or on steel in the Soviet Union, does the reader remember the figures and statistics, has he understood the economic mechanisms, has he absorbed the line of reasoning? If he is not an economist by profession, he will retain an overall impression, a general conviction that "these Americans (or Russians) are amazing . . . They have methods . . . .Progress is important after all," and so on. Similarly, emerging from the showing of a film such as Algeri francaise, he forgets all the figures and logical proofs and retains only a feeling of rightful pride in the accomplishments of France and Algeria. Thereafter, what remains with the individual affected by this propaganda is a perfectly irrational picture, a purely emotional feeling a myth. The facts, the data, the reasoning - all are forgotten, and only the impression remains. And this is indeed what the propagandist ultimately seeks, for the individual will never begin to act on the basis of the facts, or engage in purely rational behavior. What makes him act is the emotional pressure, the vision of the future, the myth. The problem is to create an irrational response on the basis of rational and factual elements. That response must be fed with facts, those frenzies must be provoked by rigorously logical proofs. The propaganda in itself becomes honest, strict, exact, but its effect remains irrational because the spontaneous transformation of all its contents by the individual.
We emphasize that this is true not just for propaganda but also for information. Except for the specialist, information, even when it is very well presented, gives people only a broad image of the world. And much of the information disseminated nowadays - research findings, facts, statistics, explanations, analysis - eliminate personal judgment, and the capacity to form one's own opinion even more surely than the most extravagant propaganda. This claim may seem shocking; but it is a fact that excessive data do not enlighten the reader or the listener; they drown him. He cannot remember them all, or coordinate them, or understand them, if he does not want risk losing his mind, he will merely draw a general picture from them. And the more facts supplied the more simplistic the image. If a man is given one item of information, he will retain it; if he is given a hundred data in one field, on one question, he will have only a general idea of that question. But if he is given a hundred items of information on all the political and economic aspects of a nation, he will arrive at a summary judgment - "The Russians are terrific!" and so on.
A surfeit of data, far from permitting people to make judgments and form opinions, prevents them from doing so and actually paralyzes them. They are caught in a web of facts must remain at the level of the facts they have been given. They cannot even form a choice or judgment in other areas or on other subjects. The the mechanisms of modern information induce a sort of hypnosis in the individual, who cannot get out of the field that has been laid for him by the information. His opinion will ultimately be formed solely on the basis of the facts transmitted to him, and not on the basis of his choice and his personal experience. The more the techniques of distributing information develop, the more the individual is shaped by such information. It is not true that he can choose freely with regard with what is presented to him as the truth. And because rational propaganda thus creates an irrational situation, it remains, above all, propaganda - that is, an inner control over the individual by a social force, which means that it deprives him of himself.
To form is to Shape. People are shaped by IN-Forming.
It has often been noted that in wartime the successful propaganda is that based directly on obvious facts: when an enemy army has just suffered defeat, an appeal to enemy soldiers to surrender will seem rational. When the superiority of one of the combatants becomes apparent, his appeal for surrender is an appeal to reason.
Similarly, the propaganda of French grandeur since 1958 is a rational and factual propaganda; French films in particular are almost all centered around French technological successes. The film Algerie francaise is an economic film, overloaded with economic geography and statistics. But it is still propaganda. Such rational propaganda is practiced by various regimes. The education provided by Mao in China is based on pseudo rational proofs, but they are effective for those who pay attention to them and accept them. American propaganda, out of concern for honesty and democratic conviction, also attempts to be rational and factual. The news bulletins of the American services are a typical example of rational propaganda based on "knowledge" and information. And nothing resembles these American publications more than the Review of the German Democratic Republic, which has taken over exactly the same propaganda style. We can say that the more progress we make, the more propaganda becomes rational and the more it is based on serious arguments, on dissemination of knowledge, on factual information, figures, and statistics.
Purely impassioned and emotional propaganda is disappearing. Even such propaganda contained elements of fact: Hitler's most inflammatory speeches always contained some facts which served as base or pretext. It is unusual nowadays to find a frenzied propaganda composed solely of claims without relation to reality. It is still found in Egyptian propaganda, and it appeared in July 1960 in Lumumba's propaganda in the Belgian Congo. Such propaganda is now discredited, but it still convinces and always excites.
Modern man needs a relation to facts, a self justification to convince himself that by acting in a certain way he is obeying reason and proved existence. We must therefore study the close relationship between information and propaganda. Propaganda's content increasingly resembles information. It has even been clearly been proved that a violent, excessive, shock provoking, propaganda text leads ultimately to less conviction and participation than does a more "informative" and reasonable text on the same subject. A large dose of fear precipitates immediate action; critical powers decrease if the propaganda message is more rational and less violent.
Propaganda's content therefore tends to be rational and factual. But is it enough to show that propaganda is rational? Besides content, there is a receiver of the content, the individual who undergoes the barrage of propaganda or information. When an individual has read a technical and factual advertisement of a television set or a new automobile engine, and if he is not an electrician or a mechanic, what does he remember? Can he describe a transistor or a new type of wheel suspension? Of course not. All those technical descriptions and exact details will form a general picture in his head, rather vague but highly colored - and when he speaks of the engine, he will say: "It's terrific!"
It is exactly the same with all rational, logical, factual propaganda. After having read an article on wheat in the United States or on steel in the Soviet Union, does the reader remember the figures and statistics, has he understood the economic mechanisms, has he absorbed the line of reasoning? If he is not an economist by profession, he will retain an overall impression, a general conviction that "these Americans (or Russians) are amazing . . . They have methods . . . .Progress is important after all," and so on. Similarly, emerging from the showing of a film such as Algeri francaise, he forgets all the figures and logical proofs and retains only a feeling of rightful pride in the accomplishments of France and Algeria. Thereafter, what remains with the individual affected by this propaganda is a perfectly irrational picture, a purely emotional feeling a myth. The facts, the data, the reasoning - all are forgotten, and only the impression remains. And this is indeed what the propagandist ultimately seeks, for the individual will never begin to act on the basis of the facts, or engage in purely rational behavior. What makes him act is the emotional pressure, the vision of the future, the myth. The problem is to create an irrational response on the basis of rational and factual elements. That response must be fed with facts, those frenzies must be provoked by rigorously logical proofs. The propaganda in itself becomes honest, strict, exact, but its effect remains irrational because the spontaneous transformation of all its contents by the individual.
We emphasize that this is true not just for propaganda but also for information. Except for the specialist, information, even when it is very well presented, gives people only a broad image of the world. And much of the information disseminated nowadays - research findings, facts, statistics, explanations, analysis - eliminate personal judgment, and the capacity to form one's own opinion even more surely than the most extravagant propaganda. This claim may seem shocking; but it is a fact that excessive data do not enlighten the reader or the listener; they drown him. He cannot remember them all, or coordinate them, or understand them, if he does not want risk losing his mind, he will merely draw a general picture from them. And the more facts supplied the more simplistic the image. If a man is given one item of information, he will retain it; if he is given a hundred data in one field, on one question, he will have only a general idea of that question. But if he is given a hundred items of information on all the political and economic aspects of a nation, he will arrive at a summary judgment - "The Russians are terrific!" and so on.
A surfeit of data, far from permitting people to make judgments and form opinions, prevents them from doing so and actually paralyzes them. They are caught in a web of facts must remain at the level of the facts they have been given. They cannot even form a choice or judgment in other areas or on other subjects. The the mechanisms of modern information induce a sort of hypnosis in the individual, who cannot get out of the field that has been laid for him by the information. His opinion will ultimately be formed solely on the basis of the facts transmitted to him, and not on the basis of his choice and his personal experience. The more the techniques of distributing information develop, the more the individual is shaped by such information. It is not true that he can choose freely with regard with what is presented to him as the truth. And because rational propaganda thus creates an irrational situation, it remains, above all, propaganda - that is, an inner control over the individual by a social force, which means that it deprives him of himself.
To form is to Shape. People are shaped by IN-Forming.